library packages

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Decision tree based models for classification and regression."""
+
+from ._classes import (
+    BaseDecisionTree,
+    DecisionTreeClassifier,
+    DecisionTreeRegressor,
+    ExtraTreeClassifier,
+    ExtraTreeRegressor,
+)
+from ._export import export_graphviz, export_text, plot_tree
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseDecisionTree",
+    "DecisionTreeClassifier",
+    "DecisionTreeRegressor",
+    "ExtraTreeClassifier",
+    "ExtraTreeRegressor",
+    "export_graphviz",
+    "plot_tree",
+    "export_text",
+]

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/_criterion.pxd

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# Authors: Gilles Louppe <g.louppe@gmail.com>
+#          Peter Prettenhofer <peter.prettenhofer@gmail.com>
+#          Brian Holt <bdholt1@gmail.com>
+#          Joel Nothman <joel.nothman@gmail.com>
+#          Arnaud Joly <arnaud.v.joly@gmail.com>
+#          Jacob Schreiber <jmschreiber91@gmail.com>
+#
+# License: BSD 3 clause
+
+# See _criterion.pyx for implementation details.
+from ..utils._typedefs cimport float64_t, int8_t, intp_t
+
+
+cdef class Criterion:
+    # The criterion computes the impurity of a node and the reduction of
+    # impurity of a split on that node. It also computes the output statistics
+    # such as the mean in regression and class probabilities in classification.
+
+    # Internal structures
+    cdef const float64_t[:, ::1] y         # Values of y
+    cdef const float64_t[:] sample_weight  # Sample weights
+
+    cdef const intp_t[:] sample_indices    # Sample indices in X, y
+    cdef intp_t start                      # samples[start:pos] are the samples in the left node
+    cdef intp_t pos                        # samples[pos:end] are the samples in the right node
+    cdef intp_t end
+    cdef intp_t n_missing                  # Number of missing values for the feature being evaluated
+    cdef bint missing_go_to_left           # Whether missing values go to the left node
+
+    cdef intp_t n_outputs                  # Number of outputs
+    cdef intp_t n_samples                  # Number of samples
+    cdef intp_t n_node_samples             # Number of samples in the node (end-start)
+    cdef float64_t weighted_n_samples         # Weighted number of samples (in total)
+    cdef float64_t weighted_n_node_samples    # Weighted number of samples in the node
+    cdef float64_t weighted_n_left            # Weighted number of samples in the left node
+    cdef float64_t weighted_n_right           # Weighted number of samples in the right node
+    cdef float64_t weighted_n_missing         # Weighted number of samples that are missing
+
+    # The criterion object is maintained such that left and right collected
+    # statistics correspond to samples[start:pos] and samples[pos:end].
+
+    # Methods
+    cdef int init(
+        self,
+        const float64_t[:, ::1] y,
+        const float64_t[:] sample_weight,
+        float64_t weighted_n_samples,
+        const intp_t[:] sample_indices,
+        intp_t start,
+        intp_t end
+    ) except -1 nogil
+    cdef void init_sum_missing(self)
+    cdef void init_missing(self, intp_t n_missing) noexcept nogil
+    cdef int reset(self) except -1 nogil
+    cdef int reverse_reset(self) except -1 nogil
+    cdef int update(self, intp_t new_pos) except -1 nogil
+    cdef float64_t node_impurity(self) noexcept nogil
+    cdef void children_impurity(
+        self,
+        float64_t* impurity_left,
+        float64_t* impurity_right
+    ) noexcept nogil
+    cdef void node_value(
+        self,
+        float64_t* dest
+    ) noexcept nogil
+    cdef void clip_node_value(
+        self,
+        float64_t* dest,
+        float64_t lower_bound,
+        float64_t upper_bound
+    ) noexcept nogil
+    cdef float64_t middle_value(self) noexcept nogil
+    cdef float64_t impurity_improvement(
+        self,
+        float64_t impurity_parent,
+        float64_t impurity_left,
+        float64_t impurity_right
+    ) noexcept nogil
+    cdef float64_t proxy_impurity_improvement(self) noexcept nogil
+    cdef bint check_monotonicity(
+            self,
+            int8_t monotonic_cst,
+            float64_t lower_bound,
+            float64_t upper_bound,
+    ) noexcept nogil
+    cdef inline bint _check_monotonicity(
+            self,
+            int8_t monotonic_cst,
+            float64_t lower_bound,
+            float64_t upper_bound,
+            float64_t sum_left,
+            float64_t sum_right,
+    ) noexcept nogil
+
+cdef class ClassificationCriterion(Criterion):
+    """Abstract criterion for classification."""
+
+    cdef intp_t[::1] n_classes
+    cdef intp_t max_n_classes
+
+    cdef float64_t[:, ::1] sum_total    # The sum of the weighted count of each label.
+    cdef float64_t[:, ::1] sum_left     # Same as above, but for the left side of the split
+    cdef float64_t[:, ::1] sum_right    # Same as above, but for the right side of the split
+    cdef float64_t[:, ::1] sum_missing  # Same as above, but for missing values in X
+
+cdef class RegressionCriterion(Criterion):
+    """Abstract regression criterion."""
+
+    cdef float64_t sq_sum_total
+
+    cdef float64_t[::1] sum_total    # The sum of w*y.
+    cdef float64_t[::1] sum_left     # Same as above, but for the left side of the split
+    cdef float64_t[::1] sum_right    # Same as above, but for the right side of the split
+    cdef float64_t[::1] sum_missing  # Same as above, but for missing values in X

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/_reingold_tilford.py

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# Authors: William Mill (bill@billmill.org)
+# License: BSD 3 clause
+
+import numpy as np
+
+
+class DrawTree:
+    def __init__(self, tree, parent=None, depth=0, number=1):
+        self.x = -1.0
+        self.y = depth
+        self.tree = tree
+        self.children = [
+            DrawTree(c, self, depth + 1, i + 1) for i, c in enumerate(tree.children)
+        ]
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.thread = None
+        self.mod = 0
+        self.ancestor = self
+        self.change = self.shift = 0
+        self._lmost_sibling = None
+        # this is the number of the node in its group of siblings 1..n
+        self.number = number
+
+    def left(self):
+        return self.thread or len(self.children) and self.children[0]
+
+    def right(self):
+        return self.thread or len(self.children) and self.children[-1]
+
+    def lbrother(self):
+        n = None
+        if self.parent:
+            for node in self.parent.children:
+                if node == self:
+                    return n
+                else:
+                    n = node
+        return n
+
+    def get_lmost_sibling(self):
+        if not self._lmost_sibling and self.parent and self != self.parent.children[0]:
+            self._lmost_sibling = self.parent.children[0]
+        return self._lmost_sibling
+
+    lmost_sibling = property(get_lmost_sibling)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s: x=%s mod=%s" % (self.tree, self.x, self.mod)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__str__()
+
+    def max_extents(self):
+        extents = [c.max_extents() for c in self.children]
+        extents.append((self.x, self.y))
+        return np.max(extents, axis=0)
+
+
+def buchheim(tree):
+    dt = first_walk(DrawTree(tree))
+    min = second_walk(dt)
+    if min < 0:
+        third_walk(dt, -min)
+    return dt
+
+
+def third_walk(tree, n):
+    tree.x += n
+    for c in tree.children:
+        third_walk(c, n)
+
+
+def first_walk(v, distance=1.0):
+    if len(v.children) == 0:
+        if v.lmost_sibling:
+            v.x = v.lbrother().x + distance
+        else:
+            v.x = 0.0
+    else:
+        default_ancestor = v.children[0]
+        for w in v.children:
+            first_walk(w)
+            default_ancestor = apportion(w, default_ancestor, distance)
+        # print("finished v =", v.tree, "children")
+        execute_shifts(v)
+
+        midpoint = (v.children[0].x + v.children[-1].x) / 2
+
+        w = v.lbrother()
+        if w:
+            v.x = w.x + distance
+            v.mod = v.x - midpoint
+        else:
+            v.x = midpoint
+    return v
+
+
+def apportion(v, default_ancestor, distance):
+    w = v.lbrother()
+    if w is not None:
+        # in buchheim notation:
+        # i == inner; o == outer; r == right; l == left; r = +; l = -
+        vir = vor = v
+        vil = w
+        vol = v.lmost_sibling
+        sir = sor = v.mod
+        sil = vil.mod
+        sol = vol.mod
+        while vil.right() and vir.left():
+            vil = vil.right()
+            vir = vir.left()
+            vol = vol.left()
+            vor = vor.right()
+            vor.ancestor = v
+            shift = (vil.x + sil) - (vir.x + sir) + distance
+            if shift > 0:
+                move_subtree(ancestor(vil, v, default_ancestor), v, shift)
+                sir = sir + shift
+                sor = sor + shift
+            sil += vil.mod
+            sir += vir.mod
+            sol += vol.mod
+            sor += vor.mod
+        if vil.right() and not vor.right():
+            vor.thread = vil.right()
+            vor.mod += sil - sor
+        else:
+            if vir.left() and not vol.left():
+                vol.thread = vir.left()
+                vol.mod += sir - sol
+            default_ancestor = v
+    return default_ancestor
+
+
+def move_subtree(wl, wr, shift):
+    subtrees = wr.number - wl.number
+    # print(wl.tree, "is conflicted with", wr.tree, 'moving', subtrees,
+    # 'shift', shift)
+    # print wl, wr, wr.number, wl.number, shift, subtrees, shift/subtrees
+    wr.change -= shift / subtrees
+    wr.shift += shift
+    wl.change += shift / subtrees
+    wr.x += shift
+    wr.mod += shift
+
+
+def execute_shifts(v):
+    shift = change = 0
+    for w in v.children[::-1]:
+        # print("shift:", w, shift, w.change)
+        w.x += shift
+        w.mod += shift
+        change += w.change
+        shift += w.shift + change
+
+
+def ancestor(vil, v, default_ancestor):
+    # the relevant text is at the bottom of page 7 of
+    # "Improving Walker's Algorithm to Run in Linear Time" by Buchheim et al,
+    # (2002)
+    # https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/doc_view/pid/1f41c3c2a4880dc49238e46d555f16d28da2940d
+    if vil.ancestor in v.parent.children:
+        return vil.ancestor
+    else:
+        return default_ancestor
+
+
+def second_walk(v, m=0, depth=0, min=None):
+    v.x += m
+    v.y = depth
+
+    if min is None or v.x < min:
+        min = v.x
+
+    for w in v.children:
+        min = second_walk(w, m + v.mod, depth + 1, min)
+
+    return min
+
+
+class Tree:
+    def __init__(self, label="", node_id=-1, *children):
+        self.label = label
+        self.node_id = node_id
+        if children:
+            self.children = children
+        else:
+            self.children = []

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/_splitter.pxd

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+# Authors: Gilles Louppe <g.louppe@gmail.com>
+#          Peter Prettenhofer <peter.prettenhofer@gmail.com>
+#          Brian Holt <bdholt1@gmail.com>
+#          Joel Nothman <joel.nothman@gmail.com>
+#          Arnaud Joly <arnaud.v.joly@gmail.com>
+#          Jacob Schreiber <jmschreiber91@gmail.com>
+#
+# License: BSD 3 clause
+
+# See _splitter.pyx for details.
+from ._criterion cimport Criterion
+from ._tree cimport ParentInfo
+
+from ..utils._typedefs cimport float32_t, float64_t, intp_t, int8_t, int32_t, uint32_t
+
+
+cdef struct SplitRecord:
+    # Data to track sample split
+    intp_t feature         # Which feature to split on.
+    intp_t pos             # Split samples array at the given position,
+    #                      # i.e. count of samples below threshold for feature.
+    #                      # pos is >= end if the node is a leaf.
+    float64_t threshold       # Threshold to split at.
+    float64_t improvement     # Impurity improvement given parent node.
+    float64_t impurity_left   # Impurity of the left split.
+    float64_t impurity_right  # Impurity of the right split.
+    float64_t lower_bound     # Lower bound on value of both children for monotonicity
+    float64_t upper_bound     # Upper bound on value of both children for monotonicity
+    unsigned char missing_go_to_left  # Controls if missing values go to the left node.
+    intp_t n_missing            # Number of missing values for the feature being split on
+
+cdef class Splitter:
+    # The splitter searches in the input space for a feature and a threshold
+    # to split the samples samples[start:end].
+    #
+    # The impurity computations are delegated to a criterion object.
+
+    # Internal structures
+    cdef public Criterion criterion      # Impurity criterion
+    cdef public intp_t max_features      # Number of features to test
+    cdef public intp_t min_samples_leaf  # Min samples in a leaf
+    cdef public float64_t min_weight_leaf   # Minimum weight in a leaf
+
+    cdef object random_state             # Random state
+    cdef uint32_t rand_r_state           # sklearn_rand_r random number state
+
+    cdef intp_t[::1] samples             # Sample indices in X, y
+    cdef intp_t n_samples                # X.shape[0]
+    cdef float64_t weighted_n_samples       # Weighted number of samples
+    cdef intp_t[::1] features            # Feature indices in X
+    cdef intp_t[::1] constant_features   # Constant features indices
+    cdef intp_t n_features               # X.shape[1]
+    cdef float32_t[::1] feature_values   # temp. array holding feature values
+
+    cdef intp_t start                    # Start position for the current node
+    cdef intp_t end                      # End position for the current node
+
+    cdef const float64_t[:, ::1] y
+    # Monotonicity constraints for each feature.
+    # The encoding is as follows:
+    #   -1: monotonic decrease
+    #    0: no constraint
+    #   +1: monotonic increase
+    cdef const int8_t[:] monotonic_cst
+    cdef bint with_monotonic_cst
+    cdef const float64_t[:] sample_weight
+
+    # The samples vector `samples` is maintained by the Splitter object such
+    # that the samples contained in a node are contiguous. With this setting,
+    # `node_split` reorganizes the node samples `samples[start:end]` in two
+    # subsets `samples[start:pos]` and `samples[pos:end]`.
+
+    # The 1-d  `features` array of size n_features contains the features
+    # indices and allows fast sampling without replacement of features.
+
+    # The 1-d `constant_features` array of size n_features holds in
+    # `constant_features[:n_constant_features]` the feature ids with
+    # constant values for all the samples that reached a specific node.
+    # The value `n_constant_features` is given by the parent node to its
+    # child nodes.  The content of the range `[n_constant_features:]` is left
+    # undefined, but preallocated for performance reasons
+    # This allows optimization with depth-based tree building.
+
+    # Methods
+    cdef int init(
+        self,
+        object X,
+        const float64_t[:, ::1] y,
+        const float64_t[:] sample_weight,
+        const unsigned char[::1] missing_values_in_feature_mask,
+    ) except -1
+
+    cdef int node_reset(
+        self,
+        intp_t start,
+        intp_t end,
+        float64_t* weighted_n_node_samples
+    ) except -1 nogil
+
+    cdef int node_split(
+        self,
+        ParentInfo* parent,
+        SplitRecord* split,
+    ) except -1 nogil
+
+    cdef void node_value(self, float64_t* dest) noexcept nogil
+
+    cdef void clip_node_value(self, float64_t* dest, float64_t lower_bound, float64_t upper_bound) noexcept nogil
+
+    cdef float64_t node_impurity(self) noexcept nogil

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/_tree.pxd

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# Authors: Gilles Louppe <g.louppe@gmail.com>
+#          Peter Prettenhofer <peter.prettenhofer@gmail.com>
+#          Brian Holt <bdholt1@gmail.com>
+#          Joel Nothman <joel.nothman@gmail.com>
+#          Arnaud Joly <arnaud.v.joly@gmail.com>
+#          Jacob Schreiber <jmschreiber91@gmail.com>
+#          Nelson Liu <nelson@nelsonliu.me>
+#
+# License: BSD 3 clause
+
+# See _tree.pyx for details.
+
+import numpy as np
+cimport numpy as cnp
+
+from ..utils._typedefs cimport float32_t, float64_t, intp_t, int32_t, uint32_t
+
+from ._splitter cimport Splitter
+from ._splitter cimport SplitRecord
+
+cdef struct Node:
+    # Base storage structure for the nodes in a Tree object
+
+    intp_t left_child                    # id of the left child of the node
+    intp_t right_child                   # id of the right child of the node
+    intp_t feature                       # Feature used for splitting the node
+    float64_t threshold                  # Threshold value at the node
+    float64_t impurity                   # Impurity of the node (i.e., the value of the criterion)
+    intp_t n_node_samples                # Number of samples at the node
+    float64_t weighted_n_node_samples    # Weighted number of samples at the node
+    unsigned char missing_go_to_left     # Whether features have missing values
+
+
+cdef struct ParentInfo:
+    # Structure to store information about the parent of a node
+    # This is passed to the splitter, to provide information about the previous split
+
+    float64_t lower_bound           # the lower bound of the parent's impurity
+    float64_t upper_bound           # the upper bound of the parent's impurity
+    float64_t impurity              # the impurity of the parent
+    intp_t n_constant_features      # the number of constant features found in parent
+
+cdef class Tree:
+    # The Tree object is a binary tree structure constructed by the
+    # TreeBuilder. The tree structure is used for predictions and
+    # feature importances.
+
+    # Input/Output layout
+    cdef public intp_t n_features        # Number of features in X
+    cdef intp_t* n_classes               # Number of classes in y[:, k]
+    cdef public intp_t n_outputs         # Number of outputs in y
+    cdef public intp_t max_n_classes     # max(n_classes)
+
+    # Inner structures: values are stored separately from node structure,
+    # since size is determined at runtime.
+    cdef public intp_t max_depth         # Max depth of the tree
+    cdef public intp_t node_count        # Counter for node IDs
+    cdef public intp_t capacity          # Capacity of tree, in terms of nodes
+    cdef Node* nodes                     # Array of nodes
+    cdef float64_t* value                # (capacity, n_outputs, max_n_classes) array of values
+    cdef intp_t value_stride             # = n_outputs * max_n_classes
+
+    # Methods
+    cdef intp_t _add_node(self, intp_t parent, bint is_left, bint is_leaf,
+                          intp_t feature, float64_t threshold, float64_t impurity,
+                          intp_t n_node_samples,
+                          float64_t weighted_n_node_samples,
+                          unsigned char missing_go_to_left) except -1 nogil
+    cdef int _resize(self, intp_t capacity) except -1 nogil
+    cdef int _resize_c(self, intp_t capacity=*) except -1 nogil
+
+    cdef cnp.ndarray _get_value_ndarray(self)
+    cdef cnp.ndarray _get_node_ndarray(self)
+
+    cpdef cnp.ndarray predict(self, object X)
+
+    cpdef cnp.ndarray apply(self, object X)
+    cdef cnp.ndarray _apply_dense(self, object X)
+    cdef cnp.ndarray _apply_sparse_csr(self, object X)
+
+    cpdef object decision_path(self, object X)
+    cdef object _decision_path_dense(self, object X)
+    cdef object _decision_path_sparse_csr(self, object X)
+
+    cpdef compute_node_depths(self)
+    cpdef compute_feature_importances(self, normalize=*)
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Tree builder
+# =============================================================================
+
+cdef class TreeBuilder:
+    # The TreeBuilder recursively builds a Tree object from training samples,
+    # using a Splitter object for splitting internal nodes and assigning
+    # values to leaves.
+    #
+    # This class controls the various stopping criteria and the node splitting
+    # evaluation order, e.g. depth-first or best-first.
+
+    cdef Splitter splitter              # Splitting algorithm
+
+    cdef intp_t min_samples_split       # Minimum number of samples in an internal node
+    cdef intp_t min_samples_leaf        # Minimum number of samples in a leaf
+    cdef float64_t min_weight_leaf         # Minimum weight in a leaf
+    cdef intp_t max_depth               # Maximal tree depth
+    cdef float64_t min_impurity_decrease   # Impurity threshold for early stopping
+
+    cpdef build(
+        self,
+        Tree tree,
+        object X,
+        const float64_t[:, ::1] y,
+        const float64_t[:] sample_weight=*,
+        const unsigned char[::1] missing_values_in_feature_mask=*,
+    )
+
+    cdef _check_input(
+        self,
+        object X,
+        const float64_t[:, ::1] y,
+        const float64_t[:] sample_weight,
+    )

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/_utils.pxd

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# Authors: Gilles Louppe <g.louppe@gmail.com>
+#          Peter Prettenhofer <peter.prettenhofer@gmail.com>
+#          Arnaud Joly <arnaud.v.joly@gmail.com>
+#          Jacob Schreiber <jmschreiber91@gmail.com>
+#          Nelson Liu <nelson@nelsonliu.me>
+#
+# License: BSD 3 clause
+
+# See _utils.pyx for details.
+
+cimport numpy as cnp
+from ._tree cimport Node
+from ..neighbors._quad_tree cimport Cell
+from ..utils._typedefs cimport float32_t, float64_t, intp_t, int32_t, uint32_t
+
+cdef enum:
+    # Max value for our rand_r replacement (near the bottom).
+    # We don't use RAND_MAX because it's different across platforms and
+    # particularly tiny on Windows/MSVC.
+    # It corresponds to the maximum representable value for
+    # 32-bit signed integers (i.e. 2^31 - 1).
+    RAND_R_MAX = 2147483647
+
+
+# safe_realloc(&p, n) resizes the allocation of p to n * sizeof(*p) bytes or
+# raises a MemoryError. It never calls free, since that's __dealloc__'s job.
+#   cdef float32_t *p = NULL
+#   safe_realloc(&p, n)
+# is equivalent to p = malloc(n * sizeof(*p)) with error checking.
+ctypedef fused realloc_ptr:
+    # Add pointer types here as needed.
+    (float32_t*)
+    (intp_t*)
+    (unsigned char*)
+    (WeightedPQueueRecord*)
+    (float64_t*)
+    (float64_t**)
+    (Node*)
+    (Cell*)
+    (Node**)
+
+cdef int safe_realloc(realloc_ptr* p, size_t nelems) except -1 nogil
+
+
+cdef cnp.ndarray sizet_ptr_to_ndarray(intp_t* data, intp_t size)
+
+
+cdef intp_t rand_int(intp_t low, intp_t high,
+                     uint32_t* random_state) noexcept nogil
+
+
+cdef float64_t rand_uniform(float64_t low, float64_t high,
+                            uint32_t* random_state) noexcept nogil
+
+
+cdef float64_t log(float64_t x) noexcept nogil
+
+# =============================================================================
+# WeightedPQueue data structure
+# =============================================================================
+
+# A record stored in the WeightedPQueue
+cdef struct WeightedPQueueRecord:
+    float64_t data
+    float64_t weight
+
+cdef class WeightedPQueue:
+    cdef intp_t capacity
+    cdef intp_t array_ptr
+    cdef WeightedPQueueRecord* array_
+
+    cdef bint is_empty(self) noexcept nogil
+    cdef int reset(self) except -1 nogil
+    cdef intp_t size(self) noexcept nogil
+    cdef int push(self, float64_t data, float64_t weight) except -1 nogil
+    cdef int remove(self, float64_t data, float64_t weight) noexcept nogil
+    cdef int pop(self, float64_t* data, float64_t* weight) noexcept nogil
+    cdef int peek(self, float64_t* data, float64_t* weight) noexcept nogil
+    cdef float64_t get_weight_from_index(self, intp_t index) noexcept nogil
+    cdef float64_t get_value_from_index(self, intp_t index) noexcept nogil
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# WeightedMedianCalculator data structure
+# =============================================================================
+
+cdef class WeightedMedianCalculator:
+    cdef intp_t initial_capacity
+    cdef WeightedPQueue samples
+    cdef float64_t total_weight
+    cdef intp_t k
+    cdef float64_t sum_w_0_k  # represents sum(weights[0:k]) = w[0] + w[1] + ... + w[k-1]
+    cdef intp_t size(self) noexcept nogil
+    cdef int push(self, float64_t data, float64_t weight) except -1 nogil
+    cdef int reset(self) except -1 nogil
+    cdef int update_median_parameters_post_push(
+        self, float64_t data, float64_t weight,
+        float64_t original_median) noexcept nogil
+    cdef int remove(self, float64_t data, float64_t weight) noexcept nogil
+    cdef int pop(self, float64_t* data, float64_t* weight) noexcept nogil
+    cdef int update_median_parameters_post_remove(
+        self, float64_t data, float64_t weight,
+        float64_t original_median) noexcept nogil
+    cdef float64_t get_median(self) noexcept nogil

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/_utils.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+# Authors: Gilles Louppe <g.louppe@gmail.com>
+#          Peter Prettenhofer <peter.prettenhofer@gmail.com>
+#          Arnaud Joly <arnaud.v.joly@gmail.com>
+#          Jacob Schreiber <jmschreiber91@gmail.com>
+#          Nelson Liu <nelson@nelsonliu.me>
+#
+#
+# License: BSD 3 clause
+
+from libc.stdlib cimport free
+from libc.stdlib cimport realloc
+from libc.math cimport log as ln
+from libc.math cimport isnan
+
+import numpy as np
+cimport numpy as cnp
+cnp.import_array()
+
+from ..utils._random cimport our_rand_r
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Helper functions
+# =============================================================================
+
+cdef int safe_realloc(realloc_ptr* p, size_t nelems) except -1 nogil:
+    # sizeof(realloc_ptr[0]) would be more like idiomatic C, but causes Cython
+    # 0.20.1 to crash.
+    cdef size_t nbytes = nelems * sizeof(p[0][0])
+    if nbytes / sizeof(p[0][0]) != nelems:
+        # Overflow in the multiplication
+        raise MemoryError(f"could not allocate ({nelems} * {sizeof(p[0][0])}) bytes")
+
+    cdef realloc_ptr tmp = <realloc_ptr>realloc(p[0], nbytes)
+    if tmp == NULL:
+        raise MemoryError(f"could not allocate {nbytes} bytes")
+
+    p[0] = tmp
+    return 0
+
+
+def _realloc_test():
+    # Helper for tests. Tries to allocate <size_t>(-1) / 2 * sizeof(size_t)
+    # bytes, which will always overflow.
+    cdef intp_t* p = NULL
+    safe_realloc(&p, <size_t>(-1) / 2)
+    if p != NULL:
+        free(p)
+        assert False
+
+
+cdef inline cnp.ndarray sizet_ptr_to_ndarray(intp_t* data, intp_t size):
+    """Return copied data as 1D numpy array of intp's."""
+    cdef cnp.npy_intp shape[1]
+    shape[0] = <cnp.npy_intp> size
+    return cnp.PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, shape, cnp.NPY_INTP, data).copy()
+
+
+cdef inline intp_t rand_int(intp_t low, intp_t high,
+                            uint32_t* random_state) noexcept nogil:
+    """Generate a random integer in [low; end)."""
+    return low + our_rand_r(random_state) % (high - low)
+
+
+cdef inline float64_t rand_uniform(float64_t low, float64_t high,
+                                   uint32_t* random_state) noexcept nogil:
+    """Generate a random float64_t in [low; high)."""
+    return ((high - low) * <float64_t> our_rand_r(random_state) /
+            <float64_t> RAND_R_MAX) + low
+
+
+cdef inline float64_t log(float64_t x) noexcept nogil:
+    return ln(x) / ln(2.0)
+
+# =============================================================================
+# WeightedPQueue data structure
+# =============================================================================
+
+cdef class WeightedPQueue:
+    """A priority queue class, always sorted in increasing order.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    capacity : intp_t
+        The capacity of the priority queue.
+
+    array_ptr : intp_t
+        The water mark of the priority queue; the priority queue grows from
+        left to right in the array ``array_``. ``array_ptr`` is always
+        less than ``capacity``.
+
+    array_ : WeightedPQueueRecord*
+        The array of priority queue records. The minimum element is on the
+        left at index 0, and the maximum element is on the right at index
+        ``array_ptr-1``.
+    """
+
+    def __cinit__(self, intp_t capacity):
+        self.capacity = capacity
+        self.array_ptr = 0
+        safe_realloc(&self.array_, capacity)
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        free(self.array_)
+
+    cdef int reset(self) except -1 nogil:
+        """Reset the WeightedPQueue to its state at construction
+
+        Return -1 in case of failure to allocate memory (and raise MemoryError)
+        or 0 otherwise.
+        """
+        self.array_ptr = 0
+        # Since safe_realloc can raise MemoryError, use `except -1`
+        safe_realloc(&self.array_, self.capacity)
+        return 0
+
+    cdef bint is_empty(self) noexcept nogil:
+        return self.array_ptr <= 0
+
+    cdef intp_t size(self) noexcept nogil:
+        return self.array_ptr
+
+    cdef int push(self, float64_t data, float64_t weight) except -1 nogil:
+        """Push record on the array.
+
+        Return -1 in case of failure to allocate memory (and raise MemoryError)
+        or 0 otherwise.
+        """
+        cdef intp_t array_ptr = self.array_ptr
+        cdef WeightedPQueueRecord* array = NULL
+        cdef intp_t i
+
+        # Resize if capacity not sufficient
+        if array_ptr >= self.capacity:
+            self.capacity *= 2
+            # Since safe_realloc can raise MemoryError, use `except -1`
+            safe_realloc(&self.array_, self.capacity)
+
+        # Put element as last element of array
+        array = self.array_
+        array[array_ptr].data = data
+        array[array_ptr].weight = weight
+
+        # bubble last element up according until it is sorted
+        # in ascending order
+        i = array_ptr
+        while(i != 0 and array[i].data < array[i-1].data):
+            array[i], array[i-1] = array[i-1], array[i]
+            i -= 1
+
+        # Increase element count
+        self.array_ptr = array_ptr + 1
+        return 0
+
+    cdef int remove(self, float64_t data, float64_t weight) noexcept nogil:
+        """Remove a specific value/weight record from the array.
+        Returns 0 if successful, -1 if record not found."""
+        cdef intp_t array_ptr = self.array_ptr
+        cdef WeightedPQueueRecord* array = self.array_
+        cdef intp_t idx_to_remove = -1
+        cdef intp_t i
+
+        if array_ptr <= 0:
+            return -1
+
+        # find element to remove
+        for i in range(array_ptr):
+            if array[i].data == data and array[i].weight == weight:
+                idx_to_remove = i
+                break
+
+        if idx_to_remove == -1:
+            return -1
+
+        # shift the elements after the removed element
+        # to the left.
+        for i in range(idx_to_remove, array_ptr-1):
+            array[i] = array[i+1]
+
+        self.array_ptr = array_ptr - 1
+        return 0
+
+    cdef int pop(self, float64_t* data, float64_t* weight) noexcept nogil:
+        """Remove the top (minimum) element from array.
+        Returns 0 if successful, -1 if nothing to remove."""
+        cdef intp_t array_ptr = self.array_ptr
+        cdef WeightedPQueueRecord* array = self.array_
+        cdef intp_t i
+
+        if array_ptr <= 0:
+            return -1
+
+        data[0] = array[0].data
+        weight[0] = array[0].weight
+
+        # shift the elements after the removed element
+        # to the left.
+        for i in range(0, array_ptr-1):
+            array[i] = array[i+1]
+
+        self.array_ptr = array_ptr - 1
+        return 0
+
+    cdef int peek(self, float64_t* data, float64_t* weight) noexcept nogil:
+        """Write the top element from array to a pointer.
+        Returns 0 if successful, -1 if nothing to write."""
+        cdef WeightedPQueueRecord* array = self.array_
+        if self.array_ptr <= 0:
+            return -1
+        # Take first value
+        data[0] = array[0].data
+        weight[0] = array[0].weight
+        return 0
+
+    cdef float64_t get_weight_from_index(self, intp_t index) noexcept nogil:
+        """Given an index between [0,self.current_capacity], access
+        the appropriate heap and return the requested weight"""
+        cdef WeightedPQueueRecord* array = self.array_
+
+        # get weight at index
+        return array[index].weight
+
+    cdef float64_t get_value_from_index(self, intp_t index) noexcept nogil:
+        """Given an index between [0,self.current_capacity], access
+        the appropriate heap and return the requested value"""
+        cdef WeightedPQueueRecord* array = self.array_
+
+        # get value at index
+        return array[index].data
+
+# =============================================================================
+# WeightedMedianCalculator data structure
+# =============================================================================
+
+cdef class WeightedMedianCalculator:
+    """A class to handle calculation of the weighted median from streams of
+    data. To do so, it maintains a parameter ``k`` such that the sum of the
+    weights in the range [0,k) is greater than or equal to half of the total
+    weight. By minimizing the value of ``k`` that fulfills this constraint,
+    calculating the median is done by either taking the value of the sample
+    at index ``k-1`` of ``samples`` (samples[k-1].data) or the average of
+    the samples at index ``k-1`` and ``k`` of ``samples``
+    ((samples[k-1] + samples[k]) / 2).
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    initial_capacity : intp_t
+        The initial capacity of the WeightedMedianCalculator.
+
+    samples : WeightedPQueue
+        Holds the samples (consisting of values and their weights) used in the
+        weighted median calculation.
+
+    total_weight : float64_t
+        The sum of the weights of items in ``samples``. Represents the total
+        weight of all samples used in the median calculation.
+
+    k : intp_t
+        Index used to calculate the median.
+
+    sum_w_0_k : float64_t
+        The sum of the weights from samples[0:k]. Used in the weighted
+        median calculation; minimizing the value of ``k`` such that
+        ``sum_w_0_k`` >= ``total_weight / 2`` provides a mechanism for
+        calculating the median in constant time.
+
+    """
+
+    def __cinit__(self, intp_t initial_capacity):
+        self.initial_capacity = initial_capacity
+        self.samples = WeightedPQueue(initial_capacity)
+        self.total_weight = 0
+        self.k = 0
+        self.sum_w_0_k = 0
+
+    cdef intp_t size(self) noexcept nogil:
+        """Return the number of samples in the
+        WeightedMedianCalculator"""
+        return self.samples.size()
+
+    cdef int reset(self) except -1 nogil:
+        """Reset the WeightedMedianCalculator to its state at construction
+
+        Return -1 in case of failure to allocate memory (and raise MemoryError)
+        or 0 otherwise.
+        """
+        # samples.reset (WeightedPQueue.reset) uses safe_realloc, hence
+        # except -1
+        self.samples.reset()
+        self.total_weight = 0
+        self.k = 0
+        self.sum_w_0_k = 0
+        return 0
+
+    cdef int push(self, float64_t data, float64_t weight) except -1 nogil:
+        """Push a value and its associated weight to the WeightedMedianCalculator
+
+        Return -1 in case of failure to allocate memory (and raise MemoryError)
+        or 0 otherwise.
+        """
+        cdef int return_value
+        cdef float64_t original_median = 0.0
+
+        if self.size() != 0:
+            original_median = self.get_median()
+        # samples.push (WeightedPQueue.push) uses safe_realloc, hence except -1
+        return_value = self.samples.push(data, weight)
+        self.update_median_parameters_post_push(data, weight,
+                                                original_median)
+        return return_value
+
+    cdef int update_median_parameters_post_push(
+            self, float64_t data, float64_t weight,
+            float64_t original_median) noexcept nogil:
+        """Update the parameters used in the median calculation,
+        namely `k` and `sum_w_0_k` after an insertion"""
+
+        # trivial case of one element.
+        if self.size() == 1:
+            self.k = 1
+            self.total_weight = weight
+            self.sum_w_0_k = self.total_weight
+            return 0
+
+        # get the original weighted median
+        self.total_weight += weight
+
+        if data < original_median:
+            # inserting below the median, so increment k and
+            # then update self.sum_w_0_k accordingly by adding
+            # the weight that was added.
+            self.k += 1
+            # update sum_w_0_k by adding the weight added
+            self.sum_w_0_k += weight
+
+            # minimize k such that sum(W[0:k]) >= total_weight / 2
+            # minimum value of k is 1
+            while(self.k > 1 and ((self.sum_w_0_k -
+                                   self.samples.get_weight_from_index(self.k-1))
+                                  >= self.total_weight / 2.0)):
+                self.k -= 1
+                self.sum_w_0_k -= self.samples.get_weight_from_index(self.k)
+            return 0
+
+        if data >= original_median:
+            # inserting above or at the median
+            # minimize k such that sum(W[0:k]) >= total_weight / 2
+            while(self.k < self.samples.size() and
+                  (self.sum_w_0_k < self.total_weight / 2.0)):
+                self.k += 1
+                self.sum_w_0_k += self.samples.get_weight_from_index(self.k-1)
+            return 0
+
+    cdef int remove(self, float64_t data, float64_t weight) noexcept nogil:
+        """Remove a value from the MedianHeap, removing it
+        from consideration in the median calculation
+        """
+        cdef int return_value
+        cdef float64_t original_median = 0.0
+
+        if self.size() != 0:
+            original_median = self.get_median()
+
+        return_value = self.samples.remove(data, weight)
+        self.update_median_parameters_post_remove(data, weight,
+                                                  original_median)
+        return return_value
+
+    cdef int pop(self, float64_t* data, float64_t* weight) noexcept nogil:
+        """Pop a value from the MedianHeap, starting from the
+        left and moving to the right.
+        """
+        cdef int return_value
+        cdef float64_t original_median = 0.0
+
+        if self.size() != 0:
+            original_median = self.get_median()
+
+        # no elements to pop
+        if self.samples.size() == 0:
+            return -1
+
+        return_value = self.samples.pop(data, weight)
+        self.update_median_parameters_post_remove(data[0],
+                                                  weight[0],
+                                                  original_median)
+        return return_value
+
+    cdef int update_median_parameters_post_remove(
+            self, float64_t data, float64_t weight,
+            float64_t original_median) noexcept nogil:
+        """Update the parameters used in the median calculation,
+        namely `k` and `sum_w_0_k` after a removal"""
+        # reset parameters because it there are no elements
+        if self.samples.size() == 0:
+            self.k = 0
+            self.total_weight = 0
+            self.sum_w_0_k = 0
+            return 0
+
+        # trivial case of one element.
+        if self.samples.size() == 1:
+            self.k = 1
+            self.total_weight -= weight
+            self.sum_w_0_k = self.total_weight
+            return 0
+
+        # get the current weighted median
+        self.total_weight -= weight
+
+        if data < original_median:
+            # removing below the median, so decrement k and
+            # then update self.sum_w_0_k accordingly by subtracting
+            # the removed weight
+
+            self.k -= 1
+            # update sum_w_0_k by removing the weight at index k
+            self.sum_w_0_k -= weight
+
+            # minimize k such that sum(W[0:k]) >= total_weight / 2
+            # by incrementing k and updating sum_w_0_k accordingly
+            # until the condition is met.
+            while(self.k < self.samples.size() and
+                  (self.sum_w_0_k < self.total_weight / 2.0)):
+                self.k += 1
+                self.sum_w_0_k += self.samples.get_weight_from_index(self.k-1)
+            return 0
+
+        if data >= original_median:
+            # removing above the median
+            # minimize k such that sum(W[0:k]) >= total_weight / 2
+            while(self.k > 1 and ((self.sum_w_0_k -
+                                   self.samples.get_weight_from_index(self.k-1))
+                                  >= self.total_weight / 2.0)):
+                self.k -= 1
+                self.sum_w_0_k -= self.samples.get_weight_from_index(self.k)
+            return 0
+
+    cdef float64_t get_median(self) noexcept nogil:
+        """Write the median to a pointer, taking into account
+        sample weights."""
+        if self.sum_w_0_k == (self.total_weight / 2.0):
+            # split median
+            return (self.samples.get_value_from_index(self.k) +
+                    self.samples.get_value_from_index(self.k-1)) / 2.0
+        if self.sum_w_0_k > (self.total_weight / 2.0):
+            # whole median
+            return self.samples.get_value_from_index(self.k-1)
+
+
+def _any_isnan_axis0(const float32_t[:, :] X):
+    """Same as np.any(np.isnan(X), axis=0)"""
+    cdef:
+        intp_t i, j
+        intp_t n_samples = X.shape[0]
+        intp_t n_features = X.shape[1]
+        unsigned char[::1] isnan_out = np.zeros(X.shape[1], dtype=np.bool_)
+
+    with nogil:
+        for i in range(n_samples):
+            for j in range(n_features):
+                if isnan_out[j]:
+                    continue
+                if isnan(X[i, j]):
+                    isnan_out[j] = True
+                    break
+    return np.asarray(isnan_out)

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/meson.build

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+tree_extension_metadata = {
+  '_tree':
+    {'sources': ['_tree.pyx'],
+     'override_options': ['cython_language=cpp', 'optimization=3']},
+  '_splitter':
+    {'sources': ['_splitter.pyx'],
+     'override_options': ['optimization=3']},
+  '_criterion':
+    {'sources': ['_criterion.pyx'],
+     'override_options': ['optimization=3']},
+  '_utils':
+    {'sources': ['_utils.pyx'],
+     'override_options': ['optimization=3']},
+}
+
+foreach ext_name, ext_dict : tree_extension_metadata
+  py.extension_module(
+    ext_name,
+    [ext_dict.get('sources'), utils_cython_tree],
+    dependencies: [np_dep],
+    override_options : ext_dict.get('override_options', []),
+    cython_args: cython_args,
+    subdir: 'sklearn/tree',
+    install: true
+  )
+endforeach

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/tests/test_export.py

@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+"""
+Testing for export functions of decision trees (sklearn.tree.export).
+"""
+
+from io import StringIO
+from re import finditer, search
+from textwrap import dedent
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from numpy.random import RandomState
+
+from sklearn.base import is_classifier
+from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingClassifier
+from sklearn.exceptions import NotFittedError
+from sklearn.tree import (
+    DecisionTreeClassifier,
+    DecisionTreeRegressor,
+    export_graphviz,
+    export_text,
+    plot_tree,
+)
+
+# toy sample
+X = [[-2, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -2], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 1]]
+y = [-1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1]
+y2 = [[-1, 1], [-1, 1], [-1, 1], [1, 2], [1, 2], [1, 3]]
+w = [1, 1, 1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
+y_degraded = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+
+
+def test_graphviz_toy():
+    # Check correctness of export_graphviz
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(
+        max_depth=3, min_samples_split=2, criterion="gini", random_state=2
+    )
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+
+    # Test export code
+    contents1 = export_graphviz(clf, out_file=None)
+    contents2 = (
+        "digraph Tree {\n"
+        'node [shape=box, fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        'edge [fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        '0 [label="x[0] <= 0.0\\ngini = 0.5\\nsamples = 6\\n'
+        'value = [3, 3]"] ;\n'
+        '1 [label="gini = 0.0\\nsamples = 3\\nvalue = [3, 0]"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 1 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=45, "
+        'headlabel="True"] ;\n'
+        '2 [label="gini = 0.0\\nsamples = 3\\nvalue = [0, 3]"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 2 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=-45, "
+        'headlabel="False"] ;\n'
+        "}"
+    )
+
+    assert contents1 == contents2
+
+    # Test plot_options
+    contents1 = export_graphviz(
+        clf,
+        filled=True,
+        impurity=False,
+        proportion=True,
+        special_characters=True,
+        rounded=True,
+        out_file=None,
+        fontname="sans",
+    )
+    contents2 = (
+        "digraph Tree {\n"
+        'node [shape=box, style="filled, rounded", color="black", '
+        'fontname="sans"] ;\n'
+        'edge [fontname="sans"] ;\n'
+        "0 [label=<x<SUB>0</SUB> &le; 0.0<br/>samples = 100.0%<br/>"
+        'value = [0.5, 0.5]>, fillcolor="#ffffff"] ;\n'
+        "1 [label=<samples = 50.0%<br/>value = [1.0, 0.0]>, "
+        'fillcolor="#e58139"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 1 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=45, "
+        'headlabel="True"] ;\n'
+        "2 [label=<samples = 50.0%<br/>value = [0.0, 1.0]>, "
+        'fillcolor="#399de5"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 2 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=-45, "
+        'headlabel="False"] ;\n'
+        "}"
+    )
+
+    assert contents1 == contents2
+
+    # Test max_depth
+    contents1 = export_graphviz(clf, max_depth=0, class_names=True, out_file=None)
+    contents2 = (
+        "digraph Tree {\n"
+        'node [shape=box, fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        'edge [fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        '0 [label="x[0] <= 0.0\\ngini = 0.5\\nsamples = 6\\n'
+        'value = [3, 3]\\nclass = y[0]"] ;\n'
+        '1 [label="(...)"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 1 ;\n"
+        '2 [label="(...)"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 2 ;\n"
+        "}"
+    )
+
+    assert contents1 == contents2
+
+    # Test max_depth with plot_options
+    contents1 = export_graphviz(
+        clf, max_depth=0, filled=True, out_file=None, node_ids=True
+    )
+    contents2 = (
+        "digraph Tree {\n"
+        'node [shape=box, style="filled", color="black", '
+        'fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        'edge [fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        '0 [label="node #0\\nx[0] <= 0.0\\ngini = 0.5\\n'
+        'samples = 6\\nvalue = [3, 3]", fillcolor="#ffffff"] ;\n'
+        '1 [label="(...)", fillcolor="#C0C0C0"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 1 ;\n"
+        '2 [label="(...)", fillcolor="#C0C0C0"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 2 ;\n"
+        "}"
+    )
+
+    assert contents1 == contents2
+
+    # Test multi-output with weighted samples
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(
+        max_depth=2, min_samples_split=2, criterion="gini", random_state=2
+    )
+    clf = clf.fit(X, y2, sample_weight=w)
+
+    contents1 = export_graphviz(clf, filled=True, impurity=False, out_file=None)
+    contents2 = (
+        "digraph Tree {\n"
+        'node [shape=box, style="filled", color="black", '
+        'fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        'edge [fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        '0 [label="x[0] <= 0.0\\nsamples = 6\\n'
+        "value = [[3.0, 1.5, 0.0]\\n"
+        '[3.0, 1.0, 0.5]]", fillcolor="#ffffff"] ;\n'
+        '1 [label="samples = 3\\nvalue = [[3, 0, 0]\\n'
+        '[3, 0, 0]]", fillcolor="#e58139"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 1 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=45, "
+        'headlabel="True"] ;\n'
+        '2 [label="x[0] <= 1.5\\nsamples = 3\\n'
+        "value = [[0.0, 1.5, 0.0]\\n"
+        '[0.0, 1.0, 0.5]]", fillcolor="#f1bd97"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 2 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=-45, "
+        'headlabel="False"] ;\n'
+        '3 [label="samples = 2\\nvalue = [[0, 1, 0]\\n'
+        '[0, 1, 0]]", fillcolor="#e58139"] ;\n'
+        "2 -> 3 ;\n"
+        '4 [label="samples = 1\\nvalue = [[0.0, 0.5, 0.0]\\n'
+        '[0.0, 0.0, 0.5]]", fillcolor="#e58139"] ;\n'
+        "2 -> 4 ;\n"
+        "}"
+    )
+
+    assert contents1 == contents2
+
+    # Test regression output with plot_options
+    clf = DecisionTreeRegressor(
+        max_depth=3, min_samples_split=2, criterion="squared_error", random_state=2
+    )
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+
+    contents1 = export_graphviz(
+        clf,
+        filled=True,
+        leaves_parallel=True,
+        out_file=None,
+        rotate=True,
+        rounded=True,
+        fontname="sans",
+    )
+    contents2 = (
+        "digraph Tree {\n"
+        'node [shape=box, style="filled, rounded", color="black", '
+        'fontname="sans"] ;\n'
+        "graph [ranksep=equally, splines=polyline] ;\n"
+        'edge [fontname="sans"] ;\n'
+        "rankdir=LR ;\n"
+        '0 [label="x[0] <= 0.0\\nsquared_error = 1.0\\nsamples = 6\\n'
+        'value = 0.0", fillcolor="#f2c09c"] ;\n'
+        '1 [label="squared_error = 0.0\\nsamples = 3\\'
+        'nvalue = -1.0", '
+        'fillcolor="#ffffff"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 1 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=-45, "
+        'headlabel="True"] ;\n'
+        '2 [label="squared_error = 0.0\\nsamples = 3\\nvalue = 1.0", '
+        'fillcolor="#e58139"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 2 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=45, "
+        'headlabel="False"] ;\n'
+        "{rank=same ; 0} ;\n"
+        "{rank=same ; 1; 2} ;\n"
+        "}"
+    )
+
+    assert contents1 == contents2
+
+    # Test classifier with degraded learning set
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=3)
+    clf.fit(X, y_degraded)
+
+    contents1 = export_graphviz(clf, filled=True, out_file=None)
+    contents2 = (
+        "digraph Tree {\n"
+        'node [shape=box, style="filled", color="black", '
+        'fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        'edge [fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        '0 [label="gini = 0.0\\nsamples = 6\\nvalue = 6.0", '
+        'fillcolor="#ffffff"] ;\n'
+        "}"
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("constructor", [list, np.array])
+def test_graphviz_feature_class_names_array_support(constructor):
+    # Check that export_graphviz treats feature names
+    # and class names correctly and supports arrays
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(
+        max_depth=3, min_samples_split=2, criterion="gini", random_state=2
+    )
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+
+    # Test with feature_names
+    contents1 = export_graphviz(
+        clf, feature_names=constructor(["feature0", "feature1"]), out_file=None
+    )
+    contents2 = (
+        "digraph Tree {\n"
+        'node [shape=box, fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        'edge [fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        '0 [label="feature0 <= 0.0\\ngini = 0.5\\nsamples = 6\\n'
+        'value = [3, 3]"] ;\n'
+        '1 [label="gini = 0.0\\nsamples = 3\\nvalue = [3, 0]"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 1 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=45, "
+        'headlabel="True"] ;\n'
+        '2 [label="gini = 0.0\\nsamples = 3\\nvalue = [0, 3]"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 2 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=-45, "
+        'headlabel="False"] ;\n'
+        "}"
+    )
+
+    assert contents1 == contents2
+
+    # Test with class_names
+    contents1 = export_graphviz(
+        clf, class_names=constructor(["yes", "no"]), out_file=None
+    )
+    contents2 = (
+        "digraph Tree {\n"
+        'node [shape=box, fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        'edge [fontname="helvetica"] ;\n'
+        '0 [label="x[0] <= 0.0\\ngini = 0.5\\nsamples = 6\\n'
+        'value = [3, 3]\\nclass = yes"] ;\n'
+        '1 [label="gini = 0.0\\nsamples = 3\\nvalue = [3, 0]\\n'
+        'class = yes"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 1 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=45, "
+        'headlabel="True"] ;\n'
+        '2 [label="gini = 0.0\\nsamples = 3\\nvalue = [0, 3]\\n'
+        'class = no"] ;\n'
+        "0 -> 2 [labeldistance=2.5, labelangle=-45, "
+        'headlabel="False"] ;\n'
+        "}"
+    )
+
+    assert contents1 == contents2
+
+
+def test_graphviz_errors():
+    # Check for errors of export_graphviz
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=3, min_samples_split=2)
+
+    # Check not-fitted decision tree error
+    out = StringIO()
+    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError):
+        export_graphviz(clf, out)
+
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+
+    # Check if it errors when length of feature_names
+    # mismatches with number of features
+    message = "Length of feature_names, 1 does not match number of features, 2"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+        export_graphviz(clf, None, feature_names=["a"])
+
+    message = "Length of feature_names, 3 does not match number of features, 2"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+        export_graphviz(clf, None, feature_names=["a", "b", "c"])
+
+    # Check error when argument is not an estimator
+    message = "is not an estimator instance"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=message):
+        export_graphviz(clf.fit(X, y).tree_)
+
+    # Check class_names error
+    out = StringIO()
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError):
+        export_graphviz(clf, out, class_names=[])
+
+
+def test_friedman_mse_in_graphviz():
+    clf = DecisionTreeRegressor(criterion="friedman_mse", random_state=0)
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+    dot_data = StringIO()
+    export_graphviz(clf, out_file=dot_data)
+
+    clf = GradientBoostingClassifier(n_estimators=2, random_state=0)
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+    for estimator in clf.estimators_:
+        export_graphviz(estimator[0], out_file=dot_data)
+
+    for finding in finditer(r"\[.*?samples.*?\]", dot_data.getvalue()):
+        assert "friedman_mse" in finding.group()
+
+
+def test_precision():
+    rng_reg = RandomState(2)
+    rng_clf = RandomState(8)
+    for X, y, clf in zip(
+        (rng_reg.random_sample((5, 2)), rng_clf.random_sample((1000, 4))),
+        (rng_reg.random_sample((5,)), rng_clf.randint(2, size=(1000,))),
+        (
+            DecisionTreeRegressor(
+                criterion="friedman_mse", random_state=0, max_depth=1
+            ),
+            DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=1, random_state=0),
+        ),
+    ):
+        clf.fit(X, y)
+        for precision in (4, 3):
+            dot_data = export_graphviz(
+                clf, out_file=None, precision=precision, proportion=True
+            )
+
+            # With the current random state, the impurity and the threshold
+            # will have the number of precision set in the export_graphviz
+            # function. We will check the number of precision with a strict
+            # equality. The value reported will have only 2 precision and
+            # therefore, only a less equal comparison will be done.
+
+            # check value
+            for finding in finditer(r"value = \d+\.\d+", dot_data):
+                assert len(search(r"\.\d+", finding.group()).group()) <= precision + 1
+            # check impurity
+            if is_classifier(clf):
+                pattern = r"gini = \d+\.\d+"
+            else:
+                pattern = r"friedman_mse = \d+\.\d+"
+
+            # check impurity
+            for finding in finditer(pattern, dot_data):
+                assert len(search(r"\.\d+", finding.group()).group()) == precision + 1
+            # check threshold
+            for finding in finditer(r"<= \d+\.\d+", dot_data):
+                assert len(search(r"\.\d+", finding.group()).group()) == precision + 1
+
+
+def test_export_text_errors():
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=2, random_state=0)
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+    err_msg = "feature_names must contain 2 elements, got 1"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
+        export_text(clf, feature_names=["a"])
+    err_msg = (
+        "When `class_names` is an array, it should contain as"
+        " many items as `decision_tree.classes_`. Got 1 while"
+        " the tree was fitted with 2 classes."
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
+        export_text(clf, class_names=["a"])
+
+
+def test_export_text():
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=2, random_state=0)
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+
+    expected_report = dedent(
+        """
+    |--- feature_1 <= 0.00
+    |   |--- class: -1
+    |--- feature_1 >  0.00
+    |   |--- class: 1
+    """
+    ).lstrip()
+
+    assert export_text(clf) == expected_report
+    # testing that leaves at level 1 are not truncated
+    assert export_text(clf, max_depth=0) == expected_report
+    # testing that the rest of the tree is truncated
+    assert export_text(clf, max_depth=10) == expected_report
+
+    expected_report = dedent(
+        """
+    |--- feature_1 <= 0.00
+    |   |--- weights: [3.00, 0.00] class: -1
+    |--- feature_1 >  0.00
+    |   |--- weights: [0.00, 3.00] class: 1
+    """
+    ).lstrip()
+    assert export_text(clf, show_weights=True) == expected_report
+
+    expected_report = dedent(
+        """
+    |- feature_1 <= 0.00
+    | |- class: -1
+    |- feature_1 >  0.00
+    | |- class: 1
+    """
+    ).lstrip()
+    assert export_text(clf, spacing=1) == expected_report
+
+    X_l = [[-2, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -2], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 1], [-1, 1]]
+    y_l = [-1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 2]
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=4, random_state=0)
+    clf.fit(X_l, y_l)
+    expected_report = dedent(
+        """
+    |--- feature_1 <= 0.00
+    |   |--- class: -1
+    |--- feature_1 >  0.00
+    |   |--- truncated branch of depth 2
+    """
+    ).lstrip()
+    assert export_text(clf, max_depth=0) == expected_report
+
+    X_mo = [[-2, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -2], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 1]]
+    y_mo = [[-1, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -1], [1, 1], [1, 1], [1, 1]]
+
+    reg = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=2, random_state=0)
+    reg.fit(X_mo, y_mo)
+
+    expected_report = dedent(
+        """
+    |--- feature_1 <= 0.0
+    |   |--- value: [-1.0, -1.0]
+    |--- feature_1 >  0.0
+    |   |--- value: [1.0, 1.0]
+    """
+    ).lstrip()
+    assert export_text(reg, decimals=1) == expected_report
+    assert export_text(reg, decimals=1, show_weights=True) == expected_report
+
+    X_single = [[-2], [-1], [-1], [1], [1], [2]]
+    reg = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=2, random_state=0)
+    reg.fit(X_single, y_mo)
+
+    expected_report = dedent(
+        """
+    |--- first <= 0.0
+    |   |--- value: [-1.0, -1.0]
+    |--- first >  0.0
+    |   |--- value: [1.0, 1.0]
+    """
+    ).lstrip()
+    assert export_text(reg, decimals=1, feature_names=["first"]) == expected_report
+    assert (
+        export_text(reg, decimals=1, show_weights=True, feature_names=["first"])
+        == expected_report
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("constructor", [list, np.array])
+def test_export_text_feature_class_names_array_support(constructor):
+    # Check that export_graphviz treats feature names
+    # and class names correctly and supports arrays
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=2, random_state=0)
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+
+    expected_report = dedent(
+        """
+    |--- b <= 0.00
+    |   |--- class: -1
+    |--- b >  0.00
+    |   |--- class: 1
+    """
+    ).lstrip()
+    assert export_text(clf, feature_names=constructor(["a", "b"])) == expected_report
+
+    expected_report = dedent(
+        """
+    |--- feature_1 <= 0.00
+    |   |--- class: cat
+    |--- feature_1 >  0.00
+    |   |--- class: dog
+    """
+    ).lstrip()
+    assert export_text(clf, class_names=constructor(["cat", "dog"])) == expected_report
+
+
+def test_plot_tree_entropy(pyplot):
+    # mostly smoke tests
+    # Check correctness of export_graphviz for criterion = entropy
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(
+        max_depth=3, min_samples_split=2, criterion="entropy", random_state=2
+    )
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+
+    # Test export code
+    feature_names = ["first feat", "sepal_width"]
+    nodes = plot_tree(clf, feature_names=feature_names)
+    assert len(nodes) == 5
+    assert (
+        nodes[0].get_text()
+        == "first feat <= 0.0\nentropy = 1.0\nsamples = 6\nvalue = [3, 3]"
+    )
+    assert nodes[1].get_text() == "entropy = 0.0\nsamples = 3\nvalue = [3, 0]"
+    assert nodes[2].get_text() == "True  "
+    assert nodes[3].get_text() == "entropy = 0.0\nsamples = 3\nvalue = [0, 3]"
+    assert nodes[4].get_text() == "  False"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fontsize", [None, 10, 20])
+def test_plot_tree_gini(pyplot, fontsize):
+    # mostly smoke tests
+    # Check correctness of export_graphviz for criterion = gini
+    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(
+        max_depth=3,
+        min_samples_split=2,
+        criterion="gini",
+        random_state=2,
+    )
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+
+    # Test export code
+    feature_names = ["first feat", "sepal_width"]
+    nodes = plot_tree(clf, feature_names=feature_names, fontsize=fontsize)
+    assert len(nodes) == 5
+    if fontsize is not None:
+        assert all(node.get_fontsize() == fontsize for node in nodes)
+    assert (
+        nodes[0].get_text()
+        == "first feat <= 0.0\ngini = 0.5\nsamples = 6\nvalue = [3, 3]"
+    )
+    assert nodes[1].get_text() == "gini = 0.0\nsamples = 3\nvalue = [3, 0]"
+    assert nodes[2].get_text() == "True  "
+    assert nodes[3].get_text() == "gini = 0.0\nsamples = 3\nvalue = [0, 3]"
+    assert nodes[4].get_text() == "  False"
+
+
+def test_not_fitted_tree(pyplot):
+    # Testing if not fitted tree throws the correct error
+    clf = DecisionTreeRegressor()
+    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError):
+        plot_tree(clf)

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/tests/test_monotonic_tree.py

@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from sklearn.datasets import make_classification, make_regression
+from sklearn.ensemble import (
+    ExtraTreesClassifier,
+    ExtraTreesRegressor,
+    RandomForestClassifier,
+    RandomForestRegressor,
+)
+from sklearn.tree import (
+    DecisionTreeClassifier,
+    DecisionTreeRegressor,
+    ExtraTreeClassifier,
+    ExtraTreeRegressor,
+)
+from sklearn.utils._testing import assert_allclose
+from sklearn.utils.fixes import CSC_CONTAINERS
+
+TREE_CLASSIFIER_CLASSES = [DecisionTreeClassifier, ExtraTreeClassifier]
+TREE_REGRESSOR_CLASSES = [DecisionTreeRegressor, ExtraTreeRegressor]
+TREE_BASED_CLASSIFIER_CLASSES = TREE_CLASSIFIER_CLASSES + [
+    RandomForestClassifier,
+    ExtraTreesClassifier,
+]
+TREE_BASED_REGRESSOR_CLASSES = TREE_REGRESSOR_CLASSES + [
+    RandomForestRegressor,
+    ExtraTreesRegressor,
+]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("TreeClassifier", TREE_BASED_CLASSIFIER_CLASSES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("depth_first_builder", (True, False))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sparse_splitter", (True, False))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("csc_container", CSC_CONTAINERS)
+def test_monotonic_constraints_classifications(
+    TreeClassifier,
+    depth_first_builder,
+    sparse_splitter,
+    global_random_seed,
+    csc_container,
+):
+    n_samples = 1000
+    n_samples_train = 900
+    X, y = make_classification(
+        n_samples=n_samples,
+        n_classes=2,
+        n_features=5,
+        n_informative=5,
+        n_redundant=0,
+        random_state=global_random_seed,
+    )
+    X_train, y_train = X[:n_samples_train], y[:n_samples_train]
+    X_test, _ = X[n_samples_train:], y[n_samples_train:]
+
+    X_test_0incr, X_test_0decr = np.copy(X_test), np.copy(X_test)
+    X_test_1incr, X_test_1decr = np.copy(X_test), np.copy(X_test)
+    X_test_0incr[:, 0] += 10
+    X_test_0decr[:, 0] -= 10
+    X_test_1incr[:, 1] += 10
+    X_test_1decr[:, 1] -= 10
+    monotonic_cst = np.zeros(X.shape[1])
+    monotonic_cst[0] = 1
+    monotonic_cst[1] = -1
+
+    if depth_first_builder:
+        est = TreeClassifier(max_depth=None, monotonic_cst=monotonic_cst)
+    else:
+        est = TreeClassifier(
+            max_depth=None,
+            monotonic_cst=monotonic_cst,
+            max_leaf_nodes=n_samples_train,
+        )
+    if hasattr(est, "random_state"):
+        est.set_params(**{"random_state": global_random_seed})
+    if hasattr(est, "n_estimators"):
+        est.set_params(**{"n_estimators": 5})
+    if sparse_splitter:
+        X_train = csc_container(X_train)
+    est.fit(X_train, y_train)
+    proba_test = est.predict_proba(X_test)
+
+    assert np.logical_and(
+        proba_test >= 0.0, proba_test <= 1.0
+    ).all(), "Probability should always be in [0, 1] range."
+    assert_allclose(proba_test.sum(axis=1), 1.0)
+
+    # Monotonic increase constraint, it applies to the positive class
+    assert np.all(est.predict_proba(X_test_0incr)[:, 1] >= proba_test[:, 1])
+    assert np.all(est.predict_proba(X_test_0decr)[:, 1] <= proba_test[:, 1])
+
+    # Monotonic decrease constraint, it applies to the positive class
+    assert np.all(est.predict_proba(X_test_1incr)[:, 1] <= proba_test[:, 1])
+    assert np.all(est.predict_proba(X_test_1decr)[:, 1] >= proba_test[:, 1])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("TreeRegressor", TREE_BASED_REGRESSOR_CLASSES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("depth_first_builder", (True, False))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sparse_splitter", (True, False))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("criterion", ("absolute_error", "squared_error"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("csc_container", CSC_CONTAINERS)
+def test_monotonic_constraints_regressions(
+    TreeRegressor,
+    depth_first_builder,
+    sparse_splitter,
+    criterion,
+    global_random_seed,
+    csc_container,
+):
+    n_samples = 1000
+    n_samples_train = 900
+    # Build a regression task using 5 informative features
+    X, y = make_regression(
+        n_samples=n_samples,
+        n_features=5,
+        n_informative=5,
+        random_state=global_random_seed,
+    )
+    train = np.arange(n_samples_train)
+    test = np.arange(n_samples_train, n_samples)
+    X_train = X[train]
+    y_train = y[train]
+    X_test = np.copy(X[test])
+    X_test_incr = np.copy(X_test)
+    X_test_decr = np.copy(X_test)
+    X_test_incr[:, 0] += 10
+    X_test_decr[:, 1] += 10
+    monotonic_cst = np.zeros(X.shape[1])
+    monotonic_cst[0] = 1
+    monotonic_cst[1] = -1
+
+    if depth_first_builder:
+        est = TreeRegressor(
+            max_depth=None,
+            monotonic_cst=monotonic_cst,
+            criterion=criterion,
+        )
+    else:
+        est = TreeRegressor(
+            max_depth=8,
+            monotonic_cst=monotonic_cst,
+            criterion=criterion,
+            max_leaf_nodes=n_samples_train,
+        )
+    if hasattr(est, "random_state"):
+        est.set_params(random_state=global_random_seed)
+    if hasattr(est, "n_estimators"):
+        est.set_params(**{"n_estimators": 5})
+    if sparse_splitter:
+        X_train = csc_container(X_train)
+    est.fit(X_train, y_train)
+    y = est.predict(X_test)
+    # Monotonic increase constraint
+    y_incr = est.predict(X_test_incr)
+    # y_incr should always be greater than y
+    assert np.all(y_incr >= y)
+
+    # Monotonic decrease constraint
+    y_decr = est.predict(X_test_decr)
+    # y_decr should always be lower than y
+    assert np.all(y_decr <= y)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("TreeClassifier", TREE_BASED_CLASSIFIER_CLASSES)
+def test_multiclass_raises(TreeClassifier):
+    X, y = make_classification(
+        n_samples=100, n_features=5, n_classes=3, n_informative=3, random_state=0
+    )
+    y[0] = 0
+    monotonic_cst = np.zeros(X.shape[1])
+    monotonic_cst[0] = -1
+    monotonic_cst[1] = 1
+    est = TreeClassifier(max_depth=None, monotonic_cst=monotonic_cst, random_state=0)
+
+    msg = "Monotonicity constraints are not supported with multiclass classification"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        est.fit(X, y)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("TreeClassifier", TREE_BASED_CLASSIFIER_CLASSES)
+def test_multiple_output_raises(TreeClassifier):
+    X = [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]]
+    y = [[1, 0, 1, 0, 1], [1, 0, 1, 0, 1]]
+
+    est = TreeClassifier(
+        max_depth=None, monotonic_cst=np.array([-1, 1]), random_state=0
+    )
+    msg = "Monotonicity constraints are not supported with multiple output"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        est.fit(X, y)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "DecisionTreeEstimator", [DecisionTreeClassifier, DecisionTreeRegressor]
+)
+def test_missing_values_raises(DecisionTreeEstimator):
+    X, y = make_classification(
+        n_samples=100, n_features=5, n_classes=2, n_informative=3, random_state=0
+    )
+    X[0, 0] = np.nan
+    monotonic_cst = np.zeros(X.shape[1])
+    monotonic_cst[0] = 1
+    est = DecisionTreeEstimator(
+        max_depth=None, monotonic_cst=monotonic_cst, random_state=0
+    )
+
+    msg = "Input X contains NaN"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        est.fit(X, y)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("TreeClassifier", TREE_BASED_CLASSIFIER_CLASSES)
+def test_bad_monotonic_cst_raises(TreeClassifier):
+    X = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8], [9, 10]]
+    y = [1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
+
+    msg = "monotonic_cst has shape 3 but the input data X has 2 features."
+    est = TreeClassifier(
+        max_depth=None, monotonic_cst=np.array([-1, 1, 0]), random_state=0
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        est.fit(X, y)
+
+    msg = "monotonic_cst must be None or an array-like of -1, 0 or 1."
+    est = TreeClassifier(
+        max_depth=None, monotonic_cst=np.array([-2, 2]), random_state=0
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        est.fit(X, y)
+
+    est = TreeClassifier(
+        max_depth=None, monotonic_cst=np.array([-1, 0.8]), random_state=0
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg + "(.*)0.8]"):
+        est.fit(X, y)
+
+
+def assert_1d_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(tree_, monotonic_sign):
+    values = tree_.value
+    for i in range(tree_.node_count):
+        if tree_.children_left[i] > i and tree_.children_right[i] > i:
+            # Check monotonicity on children
+            i_left = tree_.children_left[i]
+            i_right = tree_.children_right[i]
+            if monotonic_sign == 1:
+                assert values[i_left] <= values[i_right]
+            elif monotonic_sign == -1:
+                assert values[i_left] >= values[i_right]
+            val_middle = (values[i_left] + values[i_right]) / 2
+            # Check bounds on grand-children, filtering out leaf nodes
+            if tree_.feature[i_left] >= 0:
+                i_left_right = tree_.children_right[i_left]
+                if monotonic_sign == 1:
+                    assert values[i_left_right] <= val_middle
+                elif monotonic_sign == -1:
+                    assert values[i_left_right] >= val_middle
+            if tree_.feature[i_right] >= 0:
+                i_right_left = tree_.children_left[i_right]
+                if monotonic_sign == 1:
+                    assert val_middle <= values[i_right_left]
+                elif monotonic_sign == -1:
+                    assert val_middle >= values[i_right_left]
+
+
+def test_assert_1d_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded():
+    X = np.linspace(-1, 1, 7).reshape(-1, 1)
+    y = np.sin(2 * np.pi * X.ravel())
+
+    reg = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=None, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
+
+    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+        assert_1d_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(reg.tree_, 1)
+
+    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+        assert_1d_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(reg.tree_, -1)
+
+
+def assert_1d_reg_monotonic(clf, monotonic_sign, min_x, max_x, n_steps):
+    X_grid = np.linspace(min_x, max_x, n_steps).reshape(-1, 1)
+    y_pred_grid = clf.predict(X_grid)
+    if monotonic_sign == 1:
+        assert (np.diff(y_pred_grid) >= 0.0).all()
+    elif monotonic_sign == -1:
+        assert (np.diff(y_pred_grid) <= 0.0).all()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("TreeRegressor", TREE_REGRESSOR_CLASSES)
+def test_1d_opposite_monotonicity_cst_data(TreeRegressor):
+    # Check that positive monotonic data with negative monotonic constraint
+    # yield constant predictions, equal to the average of target values
+    X = np.linspace(-2, 2, 10).reshape(-1, 1)
+    y = X.ravel()
+    clf = TreeRegressor(monotonic_cst=[-1])
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+    assert clf.tree_.node_count == 1
+    assert clf.tree_.value[0] == 0.0
+
+    # Swap monotonicity
+    clf = TreeRegressor(monotonic_cst=[1])
+    clf.fit(X, -y)
+    assert clf.tree_.node_count == 1
+    assert clf.tree_.value[0] == 0.0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("TreeRegressor", TREE_REGRESSOR_CLASSES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("monotonic_sign", (-1, 1))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("depth_first_builder", (True, False))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("criterion", ("absolute_error", "squared_error"))
+def test_1d_tree_nodes_values(
+    TreeRegressor, monotonic_sign, depth_first_builder, criterion, global_random_seed
+):
+    # Adaptation from test_nodes_values in test_monotonic_constraints.py
+    # in sklearn.ensemble._hist_gradient_boosting
+    # Build a single tree with only one feature, and make sure the node
+    # values respect the monotonicity constraints.
+
+    # Considering the following tree with a monotonic +1 constraint, we
+    # should have:
+    #
+    #       root
+    #      /    \
+    #     a      b
+    #    / \    / \
+    #   c   d  e   f
+    #
+    #        a <=  root  <= b
+    # c <= d <= (a + b) / 2 <= e <= f
+
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(global_random_seed)
+    n_samples = 1000
+    n_features = 1
+    X = rng.rand(n_samples, n_features)
+    y = rng.rand(n_samples)
+
+    if depth_first_builder:
+        # No max_leaf_nodes, default depth first tree builder
+        clf = TreeRegressor(
+            monotonic_cst=[monotonic_sign],
+            criterion=criterion,
+            random_state=global_random_seed,
+        )
+    else:
+        # max_leaf_nodes triggers best first tree builder
+        clf = TreeRegressor(
+            monotonic_cst=[monotonic_sign],
+            max_leaf_nodes=n_samples,
+            criterion=criterion,
+            random_state=global_random_seed,
+        )
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+
+    assert_1d_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(clf.tree_, monotonic_sign)
+    assert_1d_reg_monotonic(clf, monotonic_sign, np.min(X), np.max(X), 100)
+
+
+def assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(tree_, monotonic_cst):
+    upper_bound = np.full(tree_.node_count, np.inf)
+    lower_bound = np.full(tree_.node_count, -np.inf)
+    for i in range(tree_.node_count):
+        feature = tree_.feature[i]
+        node_value = tree_.value[i][0][0]  # unpack value from nx1x1 array
+        # While building the tree, the computed middle value is slightly
+        # different from the average of the siblings values, because
+        # sum_right / weighted_n_right
+        # is slightly different from the value of the right sibling.
+        # This can cause a discrepancy up to numerical noise when clipping,
+        # which is resolved by comparing with some loss of precision.
+        assert np.float32(node_value) <= np.float32(upper_bound[i])
+        assert np.float32(node_value) >= np.float32(lower_bound[i])
+
+        if feature < 0:
+            # Leaf: nothing to do
+            continue
+
+        # Split node: check and update bounds for the children.
+        i_left = tree_.children_left[i]
+        i_right = tree_.children_right[i]
+        # unpack value from nx1x1 array
+        middle_value = (tree_.value[i_left][0][0] + tree_.value[i_right][0][0]) / 2
+
+        if monotonic_cst[feature] == 0:
+            # Feature without monotonicity constraint: propagate bounds
+            # down the tree to both children.
+            # Otherwise, with 2 features and a monotonic increase constraint
+            # (encoded by +1) on feature 0, the following tree can be accepted,
+            # although it does not respect the monotonic increase constraint:
+            #
+            #                      X[0] <= 0
+            #                      value = 100
+            #                     /            \
+            #          X[0] <= -1                X[1] <= 0
+            #          value = 50                value = 150
+            #        /            \             /            \
+            #    leaf           leaf           leaf          leaf
+            #    value = 25     value = 75     value = 50    value = 250
+
+            lower_bound[i_left] = lower_bound[i]
+            upper_bound[i_left] = upper_bound[i]
+            lower_bound[i_right] = lower_bound[i]
+            upper_bound[i_right] = upper_bound[i]
+
+        elif monotonic_cst[feature] == 1:
+            # Feature with constraint: check monotonicity
+            assert tree_.value[i_left] <= tree_.value[i_right]
+
+            # Propagate bounds down the tree to both children.
+            lower_bound[i_left] = lower_bound[i]
+            upper_bound[i_left] = middle_value
+            lower_bound[i_right] = middle_value
+            upper_bound[i_right] = upper_bound[i]
+
+        elif monotonic_cst[feature] == -1:
+            # Feature with constraint: check monotonicity
+            assert tree_.value[i_left] >= tree_.value[i_right]
+
+            # Update and propagate bounds down the tree to both children.
+            lower_bound[i_left] = middle_value
+            upper_bound[i_left] = upper_bound[i]
+            lower_bound[i_right] = lower_bound[i]
+            upper_bound[i_right] = middle_value
+
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError(f"monotonic_cst[{feature}]={monotonic_cst[feature]}")
+
+
+def test_assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded():
+    # Check that assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded can detect
+    # non-monotonic tree predictions.
+    X = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 30).reshape(-1, 1)
+    y = np.sin(X).ravel()
+    reg = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=None, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
+
+    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+        assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(reg.tree_, [1])
+
+    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+        assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(reg.tree_, [-1])
+
+    assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(reg.tree_, [0])
+
+    # Check that assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded raises
+    # when the data (and therefore the model) is naturally monotonic in the
+    # opposite direction.
+    X = np.linspace(-5, 5, 5).reshape(-1, 1)
+    y = X.ravel() ** 3
+    reg = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=None, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
+
+    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+        assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(reg.tree_, [-1])
+
+    # For completeness, check that the converse holds when swapping the sign.
+    reg = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=None, random_state=0).fit(X, -y)
+
+    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+        assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(reg.tree_, [1])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("TreeRegressor", TREE_REGRESSOR_CLASSES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("monotonic_sign", (-1, 1))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("depth_first_builder", (True, False))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("criterion", ("absolute_error", "squared_error"))
+def test_nd_tree_nodes_values(
+    TreeRegressor, monotonic_sign, depth_first_builder, criterion, global_random_seed
+):
+    # Build tree with several features, and make sure the nodes
+    # values respect the monotonicity constraints.
+
+    # Considering the following tree with a monotonic increase constraint on X[0],
+    # we should have:
+    #
+    #            root
+    #           X[0]<=t
+    #          /       \
+    #         a         b
+    #     X[0]<=u   X[1]<=v
+    #    /       \   /     \
+    #   c        d  e       f
+    #
+    # i)   a <= root <= b
+    # ii)  c <= a <= d <= (a+b)/2
+    # iii) (a+b)/2 <= min(e,f)
+    # For iii) we check that each node value is within the proper lower and
+    # upper bounds.
+
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(global_random_seed)
+    n_samples = 1000
+    n_features = 2
+    monotonic_cst = [monotonic_sign, 0]
+    X = rng.rand(n_samples, n_features)
+    y = rng.rand(n_samples)
+
+    if depth_first_builder:
+        # No max_leaf_nodes, default depth first tree builder
+        clf = TreeRegressor(
+            monotonic_cst=monotonic_cst,
+            criterion=criterion,
+            random_state=global_random_seed,
+        )
+    else:
+        # max_leaf_nodes triggers best first tree builder
+        clf = TreeRegressor(
+            monotonic_cst=monotonic_cst,
+            max_leaf_nodes=n_samples,
+            criterion=criterion,
+            random_state=global_random_seed,
+        )
+    clf.fit(X, y)
+    assert_nd_reg_tree_children_monotonic_bounded(clf.tree_, monotonic_cst)

.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/tree/tests/test_reingold_tilford.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from sklearn.tree._reingold_tilford import Tree, buchheim
+
+simple_tree = Tree("", 0, Tree("", 1), Tree("", 2))
+
+bigger_tree = Tree(
+    "",
+    0,
+    Tree(
+        "",
+        1,
+        Tree("", 3),
+        Tree("", 4, Tree("", 7), Tree("", 8)),
+    ),
+    Tree("", 2, Tree("", 5), Tree("", 6)),
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("tree, n_nodes", [(simple_tree, 3), (bigger_tree, 9)])
+def test_buchheim(tree, n_nodes):
+    def walk_tree(draw_tree):
+        res = [(draw_tree.x, draw_tree.y)]
+        for child in draw_tree.children:
+            # parents higher than children:
+            assert child.y == draw_tree.y + 1
+            res.extend(walk_tree(child))
+        if len(draw_tree.children):
+            # these trees are always binary
+            # parents are centered above children
+            assert (
+                draw_tree.x == (draw_tree.children[0].x + draw_tree.children[1].x) / 2
+            )
+        return res
+
+    layout = buchheim(tree)
+    coordinates = walk_tree(layout)
+    assert len(coordinates) == n_nodes
+    # test that x values are unique per depth / level
+    # we could also do it quicker using defaultdicts..
+    depth = 0
+    while True:
+        x_at_this_depth = [node[0] for node in coordinates if node[1] == depth]
+        if not x_at_this_depth:
+            # reached all leafs
+            break
+        assert len(np.unique(x_at_this_depth)) == len(x_at_this_depth)
+        depth += 1